D I S C I P L E

Mobile Computing and Collaboration
@ CAIP

People

Principal Investigators

Graduate Students

Undergraduate Students

Project Alumni


Project Overview

Introduction

DISCIPLE (DIstributed System for Collaborative Information Processing and LEarning) is a project in mobile computing and collaboration. The key objective of the DISCIPLE project has been to develop an advanced groupware design that enables interactive collaboration in the context of the task at hand. The participants at different locations collaboratively access, manipulate, analyze, and evaluate multimedia data. They may have different preferences for data presentation and system interaction and may use unlike computing devices and communication technologies. The system uses intelligent knowledge-based strategies to reduce the effect of differences and thus provide for equitable and effective collaboration.

The rapid growth of the Internet and the Web in the 1990's has fostered great interest in interactivity between remote users and cooperative knowledge work. While chat rooms and multiplayer games enjoy great popularity, classical productivity applications have not found their way to geographically distributed teams. Early commercial efforts, such as Microsoft NetMeeting, provide for sharing of general MS Windows applications but lack support for key groupware principles: concurrent work, relaxed WYSIWIS (What You See Is What I See), and group awareness.

The focus on the context of the task at hand implies mobile computing. Mobile computing environments create interesting problems from the perspective of single (even if networked) users but even more so from the perspective of team telecollaboration. The key characteristics of mobile systems are:

The resources include battery power, display, communication bandwidth, CPU power, and memory. Heterogeneities arise across all types of resources but it appears that network bandwidth and display capabilities will likely be with us for a long time.

Another important objective is to provide advanced solution for human-computer interaction. Mouse and keyboard designed for optimal efficiency in entering input into a computer, but they require desktop scenario and highly developed skills for using them. Styli and soft keyboards, despite their inefficiency have been used on mobile devices because of their portability advantages. Moreover, natural modes of interaction are emerging. Speech, eye tracking, haptic/tactile devices, and gesture recognition are emerging as replacement for traditional interaction technologies of keyboard and mouse.

Research Evolution and Current Thrusts

The DISCIPLE project commenced in September 1994. The initial version, named "InfoPlan", was based on the Fresco user interface system and was funded by a CAIP internal fund.  A major funding was first received in 1996 from the DARPA Intelligent Collaboration and Visualization Program.

The system design and implementation has evolved along with the changing focus of the research community and industry trends in hardware and software technologies. The first generation focused on implementing a CORBA-based system for multimedia collaboration. Some of the key issues included developing a cross-platform solution that can handle heterogeneous computing resources. The system relied on knowledge-based planning and learning strategies for discerning the communication needs of participants and computational task demands. Four central issues have been addressed:

  1. Object downloading vs. remote execution;
  2. Automatic task and resource assignment;
  3. Intelligent, context-dependent data reduction for efficient multimedia object transmission;
  4. Multimodal human/computer interfaces.
The first two issues dealt with context-dependent resource allocation and management at fine-grained and coarse-grained levels, respectively. A knowledge-based system was designed for the management and control of object location in a distributed environment, with the goal of improving performance, reliability, and concurrency control. Every time a client object requests service from a server object, the augmented CORBA Object Request Broker builds a plan of request fulfillment and decides whether to invoke remote service, or copy the object in a local address space and invoke local service.
Some results of this work are available here.

The second generation of DISCIPLE focused on enabling the sharing of arbitrary software applications in distributed group work. The Java environment was emerging as a cross-platform solution and our objective become enabling of sharing arbitrary Java applications. The focus on Java had an appeal of platform-independence and a potential to generate interest with a broad spectrum of users. At first we built a system for sharing single-user Java applications that were not originally intended for multi-user interaction. The system allowed sharing arbitrary Java applets and beans and had some support for group-related features. Our research also explored the interaction between the lower network protocol layers and DISCIPLE in order to make DISCIPLE aware of the capabilities and limitations of the network and computing environment. DISCIPLE had to dynamically adapt to the varying conditions.

With the proliferation of connected devices based on platforms other than traditional desktop PCs and wireless network connections, it became clear that relying on a cross-platform language such as Java, is not sufficient to address the challenges of mobile computing environments. To meet the challenges, we realized that we needed a paradigm shift.

Our approach in the previous version of DISCIPLE was application-centric: the emphasis was on sharing Java components. Our main objective at that time was to develop a collaboration-enabling framework to simplify the development of multi-user collaborative applications. As a result, an application (Java Bean) has a minimum knowledge about the framework which attaches itself to the bean using the Java Bean event model. The framework intercepts events from/to the bean and broadcasts them to the other peers. This approach was successfully applied even to collaboration-unaware single-user beans. It allows users with minimum programming background to quickly assemble arbitrary collaborative applications by connecting together component Java Beans.

Our current goal is to support collaboration on diverse platforms with network-aware adaptive groupware. To achieve this, instead of the previous application-centricity, the new approach is data centric. This approach shares pure data and does not require applications to have same or similar application logic as in model/application sharing. In this sense it is almost as general as screen sharing. On the other hand, the messages exchanged between the participants are as small as in model sharing, since only the data modifications need to be broadcast.

Display heterogeneity is addressed by environment-dependant visualization methods applied to the same underlying model or data shared by the conferees. Network heterogeneity is addressed by employing transformation methods for compressing information from different modalities, primarily audio and visual, and even abstracting it to symbolic form, decreasing communication loads, and adapting to the user display requirements.

In summary, our current research focuses on building the network middleware services that address the characteristics of mobile systems:

Applications

Examples collaborative tasks handled by DISCIPLE include crisis management (both for civilian and military purposes), telemedicine, entertainment, distance education, business applications, etc.

Disaster Relief/Crisis Management

The mission of the U.S. National Guard is to provide civil security, societal stability, and succor in coping with catastrophic events -- such as storms, floods and national disasters, as well as threats that transcend the capabilities of local protective forces. A central element in maintaining readiness and rapid response is the ability to adapt to a wide variety of demands and to implement resource deployment rapidly. This planning and execution typically falls under the title of "mission planning." In present practice this planning is typically done by voice communication among staff concerned with operations, logistics, intelligence and personnel, usually allocating resources and positioning them on a terrain map for the affected region. The layout is graphed by marking icons with a grease pencil on an acetate overlay of the map.

With the cooperation of officers of the NJ Army National Guard at Fort Dix, NJ we performed an experiment to investigate the benefits of multimodal collaboration (illustrated in Figure 1)

The experimental scenario embraced a domestic crisis situation in which a given area is to be secured and assets deployed to render assistance. Army protocol prescribes the logistic, personnel and equipment procedures, and the means for scoring the solution to the exercise. Two user terminals were incorporated: (a) the task force commander in a mobile command vehicle with only a wireless laptop computer and radio, and (b) the command center with the full multimodal interface and database access. The command center officer was given two hours of familiarization with the multimodal interface and networked system (that he had never seen before). Even with the multimodal system in its primitive stage of development, the experimental deployment was accomplished correctly and expeditiously according to Army protocol. Participating officers commented that the greater functionality and versatility of the more natural communication was a notable advantage. A general view among the officers was that the system is convenient to use after the brief learning period. Selection of objects was also considerably faster using speech than by using keyboard and mouse, as was the case for gaze tracking.

Software Architecture

The DISCIPLE framework is being developed in both horizontal and vertical dimensions of real-time synchronous groupware. Horizontal dimension includes client sites, with collaborating users interacting with workstations, and server(s) providing various functions of management, archiving, and database access. Vertical dimension can be represented through a layered architecture, consisting of the following four layers:
   Human-Computer Interface
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Applications: 
   * medical
   * military
Collaboration Bus
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Information Transformers/Transducers
Mobile Networking and QoS
All four layers apply to the client side, whereas only two bottom layers apply to the server side.

Human-computer interaction in a natural way is a crucial factor in bringing the benefits of networked computers to collaborating users.  Our goal is to change the way that people interact with computers.  Unlike the current means, mostly via keyboard and mouse, the sensory dimensions of sight, sound and touch are much more comfortable and convenient modalities for the human user.  New technologies are now emerging in these domains that can support human-computer communication with features that emulate face-to-face interaction.  A current challenge is how to integrate the, as yet, imperfect technologies to achieve synergies that transcend the benefit of a single modality.  Click here to find more about this work.

Collaboration Bus or cBus is the central part of DISCIPLE. It provides common groupware services including all the processing that can be abstracted away from specific applications and built into the infrastructure. The key functionality that we focus on is replicating the changes in state of the shared data repositories. The collaboration bus comprises a set of named communication channels, which the applications can subscribe to and publish information. In order to make the user aware of other users actions, the DISCIPLE GUI provides several types of group awareness widgets to all the imported Java Beans. For example, telepointers are widgets that allow a given user to track remote users' cursors. In addition, users can exchange messages, post small notes, and annotate regions of the shared application window.

Information transformers/transducers transform the data across diverse platform capabilities and user needs. It maintains a suite of media-specific information abstraction algorithms. Information abstraction aims at intelligently reducing information content while maintaining semantics. Information-transforming processes assist the bandwidth- and display-disadvantaged mobile wireless clients. Examples of information abstraction include image-to-text, image-to-speech, text-to-speech, and speech-to-text conversions.

Intelligent agents plane spans all four layers.  Intelligent agents coordinate the work within and between the layers, and across the distributed sites.


Publications

NOTE: Mobile Networking and QoS publications are available here.

2007

  1. M. Ionescu and I. Marsic, SYNG: A Middleware for Statefull Groupware in Mobile Environments, In Proceedings of The 3rd IEEE International Conference on Collaborative Computing: Networking, Applications and Worksharing (CollaborateCom 2007), pages 160-167, White Plains, NY, November 2007.
    (doi:   10.1109/COLCOM.2007.4553825)

2005

  1. C. D. Correa and I. Marsic, An Optimization Approach to Group Coupling in Heterogeneous Collaborative Systems, In Proceedings of the ACM International Conference on Supporting Group Work (GROUP '05), pages 274-283, Sanibel Island, FL, November 2005.
    (doi:   10.1145/1099203.1099251)
  2. C. D. Correa, I. Marsic, and X. Sun, Exact and Heuristic Algorithms for Dynamic Tree Simplification,   Journal of Mathematical Modelling and Algorithms (JMMA), Vol. 4, No. 4, pp. 331-353, December 2005.   ( 325 Kbytes, Acrobat PDF file )    @IngentaConnect
    (doi:   10.1007/s10852-005-0855-4)
  3. M. Mantei Tremaine, A. Sarcevic, D. Wu, M. C. Velez, B. Dorohonceanu, A. Krebs, and I. Marsic, Size Does Matter in Computer Collaboration: Heterogeneous Platform Effects on Human-Human Interaction, In Proceedings of the 38th Hawaiian International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS-38), Waikoloa, Big Island, Hawaii, 10 pages/CD-ROM, January 3-6, 2005.

2004

  1. C. D. Correa, A. Agudelo, A. M. Krebs, I. Marsic, J. Hou, A. Morde, and S. K. Ganapathy, The Parallel Worlds System for Collaboration among Virtual and Augmented Reality Users,   Demo at the IEEE and ACM International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality (ISMAR'04) Arlington, VA, November 2 - 5, 2004.
  2. C. D. Correa and I. Marsic, Software Framework for Managing Heterogeneity in Mobile Collaborative Systems,     Computer-Supported Cooperative Work, ACM / Springer, vol. 13, nos. 5-6, pp. 603-638, December 2004.
    (doi:   10.1007/s10606-004-5065-5)
  3. C. D. Correa and I. Marsic, A Simplification Architecture for Exploring Navigation Tradeoffs in Mobile VR,   In Proceedings of the IEEE Virtual Reality Conference (VR2004), pages 133-140, Chicago, IL, March 2004.   ( 1.2 Mbytes, Acrobat PDF file )     (doi:   10.1109/VR.2004.1310066)
  4. M. Ionescu and I. Marsic, Stateful Publish Subscribe for Mobile Environments,   Proceedings of the 2nd ACM International Workshop on Wireless Mobile Applications and Services on WLAN Hotspots (WMash 2004) (In conjunction with ACM MobiCom 2004), pages 21-28, Philadelphia, PA, September/October 2004.
  5. A. M. Krebs, B. Dorohonceanu, and I. Marsic, DISCIPLE System for Collaboration in Heterogeneous Environments,   Journal of Management Information Systems (JMIS) (Special Issue: Information Systems Design--Theory and Methodology), vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 199-227, Spring 2004.
  6. A. Krebs and I. Marsic, Adaptive Applications for Ubiquitous Collaboration in Mobile Environments, In Proceedings of the 37th Hawaiian International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS-37), Waikoloa, Big Island, Hawaii, 10 pages/CD-ROM, January 2004.
  7. A. Morde, C. D. Correa, J. Hou, S. K. Ganapathy, A. M. Krebs, I. Marsic, M. Bouzit, and L. R. Rabiner, Asymmetric Collaboration Through Tele-presence, In Proceedings of the 2004 ACM SIGMM Workshop on Effective Telepresence, New York, NY, October 2004.
  8. A. Morde, J. Hou, S. K. Ganapathy, C. D. Correa, A. M. Krebs, and L. R. Rabiner, Collaboration in Parallel Worlds, In Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Multimodal Interfaces (ICMI 2004), State College, PA, October 2004.
  9. M. Velez, M. Tremaine, A. Sarcevic, B. Dorohonceanu, A. Krebs, and I. Marsic, Who's in Charge Here?: Communicating Across Unequal Computer Platforms,   ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction, Vol. 11, No. 4, pp. 407-444, December 2004.
    (doi:   10.1145/1035575.1035579)

2003

  1. C. D. Correa and I. Marsic, Software Framework for Managing Heterogeneity in Mobile Collaborative Systems, In Proceedings of the ACM International Conference on Supporting Group Work (GROUP '03), pages 125-134, Sanibel Island, FL, November 9-12, 2003.
    Review #: CR129388 (0410-1216) in ACM Computing Reviews here.
    (doi:   10.1145/958160.958180)
  2. C. D. Correa and I. Marsic, A Flexible Architecture to Support Awareness in Heterogeneous Collaborative Environments, In Proceedings of the Fourth International Symposium on Collaborative Technologies and Systems (CTS 2003), pages 69-77, Orlando, FL, January 2003.
  3. F. Flippo, A. Krebs, and I. Marsic, A Framework for Rapid Development of Multimodal Interfaces, In Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Multimodal Interfaces (ICMI 2003), pages 109-116, Vancouver, B.C., November 2003.
  4. M. Ionescu and I. Marsic, Tree-Based Concurrency Control in Distributed Groupware,     Computer-Supported Cooperative Work, ACM / Kluwer Academic Publishers, Vol.12, No.3, pp. 329-350, 2003.
    (doi:   10.1023/A:1025049525187)
  5. M. Ionescu and I. Marsic, Publish-Subscribe for Mobile Environments, In Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Web Engineering (ICWE'03), Oviedo, Spain, pp. 547-550, July 2003.
    [ J. M. C. Lovelle, B. M. G. Rodriguez, L. J. Aguilar, J. E. L. Gayo, and M. d. P. P. Ruiz (Eds.) Web Engineering, LNCS 2722, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 2003. ]
  6. A. Krebs, M. Ionescu, B. Dorohonceanu, and I. Marsic, The DISCIPLE System for Collaboration over the Heterogeneous Web, In Proceedings of the 36th Hawaiian International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS-36), Waikoloa, Big Island, Hawaii, 10 pages/CD-ROM, January 2003.
  7. I. Marsic and B. Dorohonceanu, Flexible User Interfaces for Group Collaboration,     International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction, Vol.15, No.3, pp. 337-360, 2003.
    ( 195 Kbytes, Acrobat PDF file )     (doi:   10.1207/S15327590IJHC1503_02)
  8. H. Trefftz, I. Marsic, and M. Zyda, Handling Heterogeneity in Networked Virtual Environments,     Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, Vol.12, No.1, pp.37-51, February 2003.
    ( 175 Kbytes, Acrobat PDF file )     (doi:   10.1162/105474603763835323)

2002

  1. C. D. Correa, I. Marsic, and X. Sun, Semantic Consistency Optimization in Heterogeneous Virtual Environment, CAIP-TR-267, September 2002. ( 680 Kbytes, Acrobat PDF file )
  2. M. Ionescu, A. M. Krebs, and I. Marsic, Dynamic Content and Offline Collaboration in Synchronous Groupware,   In Proceedings of the Collaborative Technologies Symposium (CTS 2002), San Antonio, TX, January 27-31, 2002.   ( 312 Kbytes, Acrobat PDF file )
  3. A. M. Krebs, I. Marsic, and B. Dorohonceanu, Mobile Adaptive Applications for Ubiquitous Collaboration in Heterogeneous Environments,   In Proceedings of the 22nd IEEE International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems (ICDCS 2002) Workshops, (Workshop on Mobile Teamwork Support), Vienna, Austria, pages 401-407, July 2-5, 2002.
  4. I. Marsic, Data-Centric Collaboration for Wired and Wireless Platforms,   Journal of Computing and Information Technology - CIT, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 151-156, September, 2002.
    (doi:   10.2498/cit.2002.03.01)
  5. I. Marsic, A. M. Krebs, B. Dorohonceanu, and M. Tremaine, Designing and Examining PC to Palm Collaboration,   In Proceedings of the 35th Hawai`i International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS-35), 10 pages/CD-ROM, Waikoloa, Big Island, Hawai`i, January 7-10, 2002.   ( 650 Kbytes, Acrobat PDF file )
  6. I. Marsic, X. Sun, C. D. Correa, and T. Liu, Maintaining State Consistency Across Heterogeneous Collaborative Applications, CAIP-TR-264, March 2002. ( 680 Kbytes, Acrobat PDF file )
  7. H. Trefftz, I. Marsic, and M. Zyda, Handling Heterogeneity in Networked Virtual Environments,   In Proceedings of the IEEE Virtual Reality Conference (VR2002), pages 7-14, Orlando, FL, March 24-28, 2002.   ( 456 Kbytes, Acrobat PDF file )
  8. M. Velez, M. Tremaine, B. Dorohonceanu, A. Krebs, A. Sarcevic, and I. Marsic Who's in Charge Here?: Communicating Across Unequal Computer Platforms, CAIP-TR-265, June 2002. ( 3.92 Mbytes, Acrobat PDF file )

2001

  1. M. Ionescu and I. Marsic, Latecomer and Crash Recovery Support in Fault Tolerant Groupware,     IEEE Distributed Systems Online, Vol.2, No.7, pp.1-14, 2001.
    ( 240 Kbytes, Acrobat PDF file )
  2. I. Marsic, Adaptive Collaboration for Wired and Wireless Platforms,     IEEE Internet Computing, Vol.5, No.4, pp.26-35, July/August 2001.
    (doi:   10.1109/4236.939447)
    Personal use of this material is permitted. However, permission to reprint/republish this material for advertising or promotional purposes or for creating new collective works for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or to reuse any copyrighted component of this work in other works must be obtained from the IEEE.
  3. I. Marsic, An Architecture for Heterogeneous Groupware Applications,   In Proceedings of the 23rd IEEE/ACM International Conference on Software Engineering (ICSE 2001), pages 475-484, Toronto, Canada, May 12-19, 2001.   ( 653 Kbytes, Acrobat PDF file )
  4. R. Subramanian and I. Marsic, ViBE: Virtual Biology Experiments,   In Proceedings of the Tenth International World Wide Web Conference (WWW10), Hong Kong, pages 316-325, May 2001.   ( Web page ) Citebase
  5. S. Valin, A. Francu, H. Trefftz, and I. Marsic, Sharing Viewpoints in Collaborative Virtual Environments,   In Proceedings of the 34th Hawai`i International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS-34), 10 pages/CD-ROM, Wailea, Maui, Hawai`i, January 3-6, 2001.   ( 971 Kbytes, Acrobat PDF file )

2000

  1. B. Dorohonceanu, B. Sletterink, and I. Marsic, A Novel User Interface for Group Collaboration,   In Proceedings of the 33rd Hawai`i International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS-33), 10 pages/CD-ROM, Wailea, Maui, Hawai`i, January 4-7, 2000.   ( 771 Kbytes, Acrobat PDF file )
  2. M. Ionescu, B. Dorohonceanu, and I. Marsic, A Novel Concurrency Control Algorithm in Distributed Groupware,   In Proceedings of The International Conference on Parallel and Distributed Processing Techniques and Applications (PDPTA'2000), Vol.3, pages 1551-1557, Las Vegas, NV, June 26-29, 2000.   ( 121 Kbytes, Acrobat PDF file )
  3. M. Ionescu and I. Marsic, An Arbitration Scheme for Concurrency Control in Distributed Groupware,   In Proceedings of The Second International Workshop on Collaborative Editing Systems, An ACM CSCW'2000 Workshop, Philadelphia, PA, December 2000.
  4. A. M. Krebs, B. Dorohonceanu, and I. Marsic, Collaboration using Heterogeneous Devices -- from 3D Workstations to PDAs,   In Proceedings of the IASTED International Conference on Internet and Multimedia Systems and Applications (IMSA'2000), Las Vegas, NV, pages 309-313, November 20-23, 2000.   ( 428 Kbytes, Acrobat PDF file )
  5. I. Marsic, Real-Time Collaboration in Heterogeneous Computing Environments,   In Proceedings of the International Conference on Information Technology: Coding and Computing (ITCC 2000), pages 222-227, Las Vegas, NV, March 27-29, 2000.   ( 232 Kbytes, Acrobat PDF file )
  6. H. Trefftz and I. Marsic, Local and Global Impact of Message Caching in Shared Virtual Environments,   In Proceedings of the IASTED International Conference on Computer Graphics and Imaging 2000 (CGIM 2000), pages 8-13, Las Vegas, NV, November 19-23, 2000.   ( 536 Kbytes, Acrobat PDF file )
  7. H. Trefftz and I. Marsic, Message Caching for Local and Global Resource Optimization in Shared Virtual Environments,   In Proceedings of the ACM Symposium on Virtual Reality Software and Technology (VRST 2000), pages 97-102, Seoul, Korea, October 22-25, 2000.   ( 568 Kbytes, Microsoft Word'97 file )

1999

  1. B. Dorohonceanu and I. Marsic, A Desktop Design for Synchronous Collaboration,   In Proceedings of the Graphics Interface Conference (GI'99), pages 27-35, Kingston, Ontario, Canada, 2-4 June, 1999.   ( 436 Kbytes, Acrobat PDF file )
  2. C. Francu and I. Marsic, An Advanced Communication Toolkit for Implementing the Broker Pattern,   In Proceedings of The 19th IEEE International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems (ICDCS'99), pages 458-467, Austin, TX, May 31-June 5, 1999.   ( 160 Kbytes, Acrobat PDF file )
  3. W. Li, W. Wang, and I. Marsic, Collaboration Transparency in the DISCIPLE Framework,   In Proceedings of the ACM International Conference on Supporting Group Work (GROUP'99), pages 326-335, Phoenix, AZ, November 14-17, 1999.   ( 615 Kbytes, Acrobat PDF file )
  4. I. Marsic, DISCIPLE: A Framework for Multimodal Collaboration in Heterogeneous Environments, ACM Computing Surveys, Vol. 31, No. 2es, pp. 34-40, June 1999.
    ( 406 Kbytes, Acrobat PDF file )     (doi:   10.1145/323216.323225)
  5. I. Marsic, A Software Framework for Collaborative Applications,   In Proceedings of the Collaborative Technologies Workshop, pages 12-15, Rochester, MI, November 10-11, 1999.   ( 207 Kbytes, Acrobat PDF file )
  6. I. Marsic and B. Dorohonceanu, An Application Framework for Synchronous Collaboration using Java Beans,   In Proceedings of the 32nd Hawai`i International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS-32), 10 pages/CD-ROM, Wailea, Maui, Hawai`i, January 5-8, 1999.   ( 694 Kbytes, Acrobat PDF file )
  7. W. Wang, B. Dorohonceanu, and I. Marsic, Design of the DISCIPLE Synchronous Collaboration Framework,   In Proceedings of the 3rd IASTED International Conference on Internet, Multimedia Systems and Applications (IMSA'99), pages 316-324, Nassau, Grand Bahamas, October 18-21, 1999.   ( 409 Kbytes, Acrobat PDF file )

1998

  1. S. Juth, S. Sundaram, and I. Marsic, The Bean Collaborator, (Ch. 12), In L. H. Rodrigues, The Awesome Power of Java Beans, Manning Publications, Inc., pages 457-468, 1998.
  2. A. Medl, I. Marsic, M. Andre, C. Kulikowski and J.L. Flanagan, Multimodal Man-Machine Interface for Mission Planning,   Proceedings of the AAAI Spring Symposium on Intelligent Environments (edited by Michael Coen, Stanford, CA, pages 41-47, March 1998. ( 588 Kbytes, GNU-zipped PostScript file )

1997

  1. J. Flanagan and I. Marsic, Issues in Measuring the Benefits of Multimodal Interfaces,
    ( 84 Kbytes, GNU-zipped PostScript file ) invited paper for the ICASSP-97, Munich, Germany, April 1997.   Proceedings
  2. I. Marsic and K. Jonnalagadda, Using Network Traffic Statistics in Learning Object Migration Policies, ( 135 Kbytes, GNU-zipped PostScript file )
    submitted
  3. I. Marsic and K. Jonnalagadda, The Role of Network Traffic Statistics in Devising Object Migration Policies, ( 102 Kbytes, GNU-zipped PostScript file )
    presented at the IEEE Workshop on Resource Allocation Problems in Multimedia Systems, Washington, DC, December 1996. Click here to get the proceedings.
  4. I. Marsic, P. Meer, L. Gong, C. Kulikowski, and J. Flanagan, The Design and Implementation of DISCIPLE, CAIP Memo, June 1996. ( 293 Kbytes, GNU-zipped PostScript file )
  5. A. Shaikh, S. Juth, A. Medl, I. Marsic, C. Kulikowski, and J. Flanagan, An Architecture for Multimodal Information Fusion,   In Proceedings of the Workshop on Perceptual User Interfaces, Banff, Alberta, Canada, pages 91-93, October 1997.   ( 36 Kbytes, Acrobat PDF file )


Funding

The DISCIPLE-related work is/was funded from the following sources:



Last updated: Fri Dec 3 14:23:27 EST 2004
By Ivan Marsic